Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Information, Symptoms, and Treatments
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the myelin—the protective covering of nerve fibers—disrupting communication between the brain and the rest of the body.
What is multiple sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease in which the immune system damages the myelin, causing disruptions in the transmission of nerve impulses. This can lead to physical, neurological, and cognitive symptoms that vary from person to person.
Who is affected by Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that can occur in people of all ages, but it primarily affects young adults. Diagnosis typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 40, a productive stage of life during which the impact of the disease can be significant both personally and professionally.
Characteristics of the affected population
Age: Most cases are diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40.
Gender: Women are two to three times more likely to develop MS than men.
Race and ethnicity: MS is more common in people of Caucasian descent, but it can occur in any ethnic group.
Environmental factors: Those living farther from the equator, in higher latitudes, have a higher risk, possibly related to lower sun exposure and reduced vitamin D levels.
Family history: Although MS is not considered a hereditary disease, having a close family member with MS slightly increases the risk.
These factors help understand the profile of the MS affected population, which is crucial for designing awareness campaigns, early detection, and patient support.
Causes of MS
The exact cause of MS is unknown. It is believed that a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly infectious factors (such as viruses) may be involved. The damage is caused by abnormal inflammation of the immune system, which attacks the nervous system.
Common symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the area of the nervous system affected and may include:
Muscular symptoms: weakness, spasms, difficulty walking, or coordinating movements.
Visual symptoms: blurred or double vision, loss of vision in one eye.
Urinary or bowel problems: incontinence, constipation, or urinary urgency.
Neurological symptoms: extreme fatigue, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, memory problems.
Pain and numbness: tingling or burning sensations in the arms and legs.
Speech and swallowing symptoms: difficulty articulating words or swallowing.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing MS can be complex, as its symptoms may resemble those of other neurological conditions. The most common methods include:
- Neurological exams
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid
- Evoked potential studies
Types of MS
Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS): characterized by flare-ups followed by periods of remission.
Secondary progressive MS (SPMS): involves a more steady progression after an initial relapsing-remitting phase.
Primary progressive MS (PPMS): marked by continuous progression from the onset without clear remissions.
Available treatment
Currently, there is no cure for MS, but treatments are available to reduce flare-ups, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life:
- Disease-modifying medications
- Corticosteroids to treat acute relapses
- Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
- Symptomatic treatment for fatigue, spasms, or urinary issues
- Lifestyle changes, such as a balanced diet, exercise, rest, and stress management
Prognosis
The course of MS is unpredictable. Some people experience mild symptoms for many years, while others face a faster progression. Despite this, many individuals are able to maintain an active and functional life thanks to medical advancements.
Genetic factors
The genetic component of multiple sclerosis has been the subject of numerous studies. If one parent has MS, the risk of a child developing it is about 2%. In the case of identical twins, if one is diagnosed, the other has a 25% chance of developing the disease, indicating a significant genetic predisposition.
When to seek medical attention?
Consult a healthcare professional if:
- You experience unexplained neurological symptoms
- You notice a progression of symptoms, even with treatment
- You require additional support to manage the diseasead
Percentage of the population affected by Multiple Sclerosis
Globally, the prevalence of multiple sclerosis is estimated at 0.5%. This means that approximately 1 in every 3,000 people lives with this condition. However, in some regions of the world, such as Europe or North America, the incidence can be much higher, reaching up to 1 case per every 300 people.
Clinical trials and support at Homestead Associates in Research
At Homestead Associates in Research, Inc., we are committed to advancing the understanding and treatment of multiple sclerosis through clinical research. We offer opportunities to participate in ongoing studies for people diagnosed with MS. If you would like more information about participating in a study, our team is ready to help you.
